Fiddler Crabs Home

North America

Applicable Field Guides
Atlantic Coast of the USA, East Coast of Florida, USA, Northern Gulf of Mexico (USA), South Coast of Florida, USA, Southeastern Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, USA, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico, Texas, USA, West Coast of Florida, USA
Approximate Coordinates
37.000000°N, 100.000000°W
The red marker indicates the coordinates used to represent this location, yellow markers all other locations contained within this location. Purple markers indicate fossil-only locations or sub-locations.

Includes Subareas

Currently Recognized Species

Names Which Have Been Used for This Area

Specific Names Which Have Been Used for This Area

References

Abbott (1913)*, Abbott & Dawson (1966)*, Abele & Kim (1986)*, Abramowitz (1936)*, Abramowitz (1937)*, Abramowitz (1937)*, Abramowitz (1938)*, Abramowitz (1940)*, Abramowitz & Abramowitz (1938)*, Abramowitz et al. (1944)*, Abramowitz & Abramowitz (1940)*, Abreu (1975)*, Ache (1982)*, Adams & Quay (1958)*, Adiyodi & Adiyodi (1970)*, Adiyodi (1985)*, Adiyodi (1988)*, Agassiz (?)*, Ahmed (1976)*, Ahmed (1978)*, Ahmed & Khan (1978)*, Aicher et al. (1983)*, Aicher & Tautz (1984)*, Aicher & Tautz (1990)*, Aikawa (1942)*, Al-Aidaroos (2013)*, Alcock (1900)*, Alleman & Guillen (2017)*, Allen & Levinton (2002)*, Allen & Levinton (2004)*, Allen et al. (1995)*, Allen & Curran (1973)*, Allen & Curran (1974)*, Allen (1976)*, Almeida et al. (2008)*, Almeida & Coelho (2008)*, Al-Musawi & Wagner (2012)*, Altevogt (1955)*, Altevogt (1955)*, Altevogt (1957)*, Altevogt (1957)*, Altevogt (1959)*, Altevogt (1962)*, Altevogt (1963)*, Altevogt (1964)*, Altevogt (1966)*, Altevogt (1969)*, Altevogt (1970)*, Altevogt & von Hagen (1964)*, Alvarez del Castillo C. et al. (1992)*, Andersen et al. (1990)*, Anderson et al. (2017)*, Andrews (1973)*, Aoki et al. (2003)*, Artal (2008)*, Arzola-González et al. (2010)*, Asano et al. (2019)*, Aschaffenburg (2008)*, Aschoff (1965)*, Aspey (1971)*, Aspey (1978)*, Atkinson & Naylor (1973)*, Aurivillius (1893)*, Avent (1974)*, Avent (1975)*, Ayanath & Raghavan (2021)*, Ayers (1938)*, Bachmann & Rheinsmith (1973)*, Balbort & Thurman (1997)*, Balci et al. (2014)*, Baldwin & Kirschener (1976)*, Baldwin & Kirschener (1976)*, Balss (1921)*, Barba et al. (2010)*, Barber et al. (1978)*, Barclay Terwilliger (1991)*, Barden & Koulish (1983)*, Barlow (1977)*, Barnard et al. (2010)*, Barnes (1975)*, Barnwell (1963)*, Barnwell (1966)*, Barnwell (1968)*, Barnwell (1968)*, Barnwell (1976)*, Barnwell (1982)*, Barnwell & Brown (1963)*, Barnwell & Stillman (1990)*, Barnwell & Thurman (1983)*, Barnwell et al. (1987)*, Bartell (1967)*, Bartell et al. (1971)*, Basan (1973)*, Basan & Frey (1977)*, Bate (1866)*, Bayley (1972)*, Becker & Hinsch (1982)*, Behre (1950)*, Beinlich & von Hagen (2006)*, Bell et al. (1978)*, Benetti & Negreiros-Fransozo (2003)*, Bennett (1963)*, Bennett & Brown (1959)*, Bennett & Brown (1959)*, Bennett et al. (1957)*, Bent (1926)*, Bergey & Weis (2006)*, Bergey & Weis (2007)*, Bergey & Weis (2008)*, Bergin (1981)*, Bertics & Ziebis (2009)*, Bertness (1992)*, Bildstein (1983)*, Bildstein (1984)*, Bildstein (1987)*, Bildstein et al. (1990)*, Bishop (1993)*, Blanquet (1968)*, Blewett et al. (2006)*, Bliss (1960)*, Bliss (1968)*, Bliss (1979)*, Bonfil et al. (1992)*, Boone (1929)*, Boone (1930)*, Boone (1934)*, Borgianini et al. (2005)*, Borgianini et al. (2007)*, Borgianini et al. (2007)*, Bosc (1802)*, Bott (1954)*, Bott (1973)*, Bourdon & Bowman (1970)*, Bouvier (1895)*, Bowerman (1977)*, Bowlus & Somero (1979)*, Breteler et al. (1981)*, Brett et al. (1959)*, Brickell (1737)*, Bright & Hogue (1972)*, Brodie (2004)*, Brodie & Godley (2006)*, Brodie & Staton (2004)*, Brodie & Staton (2003)*, Broghammer & Thurman (1996)*, Brookins & Epifanio (1985)*, Brousseau et al. (2003)*, Brown (1940)*, Brown (1948)*, Brown (1950)*, Brown (1950)*, Brown (1959)*, Brown (1960)*, Brown (1961)*, Brown et al. (1955)*, Brown et al. (1956)*, Brown et al. (1954)*, Brown et al. (1956)*, Brown & Cunningham (1941)*, Brown & Ederstrom (1940)*, Brown et al. (1954)*, Brown et al. (1953)*, Brown et al. (1955)*, Brown et al. (1949)*, Brown et al. (1949)*, Brown & Hines (1952)*, Brown & Jones (1949)*, Brown & Sandeen (1948)*, Brown et al. (1954)*, Brown et al. (1949)*, Brown & Scudamore (1940)*, Brown & Stephens (1951)*, Brown & Webb (1948)*, Brown & Webb (1948)*, Brown & Webb (1949)*, Brown et al. (1955)*, Brown et al. (1958)*, Brown et al. (1954)*, Brown et al. (1955)*, Brown & Loveland (1980)*, Brusca (1973)*, Brusca (1980)*, Buitendijk (1950)*, Bumpus (1898)*, Buranelli & Mantelatto (2019)*, Burgers (1958)*, Burkenroad (1947)*, Burnett & Infantino (1984)*, Burns (1976)*, Burns & Teal (1979)*, Bursey (1982)*, Bursey (1985)*, Burton (2015)*, Buscaino et al. (2015)*, Cain & Cohen (2014)*, Callahan & Weis (1983)*, Camacho et al. (2015)*, Cameron & Mangum (1983)*, Cammen et al. (1982)*, Cammen et al. (1980)*, Cammen et al. (1984)*, Campos & Campos (1989)*, Campos & Lopez (1998)*, Cano (1889)*, Carlisle & Knowles (1959)*, Carlson (1935)*, Carlson (1936)*, Catesby (1743)*, Chabot et al. (2016)*, Chace & Hobbs (1969)*, Chang & O'Connor (1983)*, Charniaux-Cotton & Payen (1985)*, Chavez & Cedillo (1999)*, Christiansen & Yang (1976)*, Christopher & Salmon (2005)*, Christy (1978)*, Christy (1979)*, Christy (1982)*, Chrzanowski & Cowley (1977)*, Chung et al. (1998)*, Chung et al. (1998)*, Clark (1896)*, Clark (1935)*, Claussen et al. (2008)*, Claybrook (1976)*, Claybrook (1983)*, Coelho (1994/1995)*, Coelho et al. (2008)*, Coelho & Coelho-Filho (1993)*, Coelho & Ramos (1972)*, Cohen & Kern (2012)*, Colby & Fonseca (1981)*, Coluccy et al. (2015)*, Conan (1985)*, Conde & Díaz (1985)*, Conn & Bechler (1996)*, Coohill (1982)*, Coohill et al. (1970)*, Coohill & Fingerman (1975)*, Coohill & Fingerman (1976)*, Cooper-Boemmels et al. (2001)*, Correia & Guimarães (2016)*, Cortes-Carrasco & del Socorro Garcia-Madrigal (2013)*, Costa et al. (2001)*, Costlow (1961)*, Costlow (1963)*, Coues (1871)*, Coventry (1944)*, Coward et al. (1970)*, Cowley & Chrzanowski (1979)*, Cowley & Chrzanowski (1980)*, Cowley & Frye (1978)*, Crane (1941)*, Crane (1943)*, Crane (1943)*, Crane (1943)*, Crane (1944)*, Crane (1957)*, Crane (1958)*, Crane (1975)*, Crawford et al. (1989)*, Cremonte et al. (2007)*, Cripe & Livingston (1977)*, Croker & Wilson (1965)*, Croll & Klinger (1994)*, Croll & McClintock (2000)*, Croll & McClintock (2000)*, Crotty et al. (2020)*, Curran & Martin (2003)*, Dall (1971)*, Dame & Vernberg (1973)*, Dame & Vernberg (1978)*, Darbonne & Heagler (1998)*, Darby (1935)*, Darby (1935)*, Darley (1985)*, Darley et al. (1981)*, Darnell et al. (2012)*, Darnell (1959)*, Davis (1978)*, Davis & Costlow (1974)*, Davis & Hagadorn (1982)*, De (2000)*, De (2009)*, de Gibert et al. (2013)*, De Haan (1833-1850)*, De Kay (1844)*, De la Cruz (1973)*, de la Cruz & Davidson (1983)*, De Man (1887-1888)*, De Santo (1992)*, De Santo et al. (1997)*, de Vries & Forward (1988)*, de Vries & Forward (1990)*, Dean & Vernberg (1965)*, Dean & Vernberg (1966)*, DeCoursey (1976)*, DeCoursey (1979)*, DeCoursey (1980)*, DeCoursey (1981)*, DeCoursey (1983)*, DeCoursey & Vernberg (1972)*, Deecaraman & Milton (1992)*, del Castillo et al. (2015)*, Dembowski (1925)*, Dembowski (1926)*, Démeusy (1957)*, Denger & Tankersley (2005)*, DePew & Towle (1979)*, deRivera (2000)*, Desmarest (1823)*, Desmarest (1825)*, Detto et al. (2004)*, Devi et al. (1993)*, Devi (1987)*, Devi & Rao (1989)*, Devi & Rao (1989)*, Dexter (1985)*, Dietrich (1979)*, Dircksen et al. (1988)*, Dircksen et al. (1987)*, Dittel & Epifanio (1982)*, Dittel et al. (2000)*, Doflein (1899)*, Doherty (1982)*, Domínguez Alonso (2008)*, Dores & Herman (1980)*, Dores & Herman (1981)*, dos Santos et al. (2019)*, Dreher et al. (2015)*, Dubofsky-Porter et al. (2017)*, Dudley & Judy (1971)*, Dukes et al. (2004)*, Dukes et al. (2004)*, Dumortier (1963)*, Dumortier (1963)*, Duncker (1903)*, Dunham & Gilchrist (1988)*, Dunn et al. (1990)*, Duobinis-Gray & Hackney (1982)*, Duval (1994)*, Duval (1995)*, Duval (1996)*, Duval & Rittschof (1997)*, Dybas (2018)*, Eastman-Reks & Fingerman (1984)*, Eastman-Reks & Fingerman (1985)*, Eberhardt (1966)*, Edney (1960)*, Edney (1961)*, Edwards (1950)*, Eisen et al. (1970)*, Eisen et al. (1973)*, Eisen & Jeffrey (1969)*, El Serehy et al. (1994)*, Elango (1990)*, Ellis & Claybrook (1979)*, Ellis & Claybrook (1980)*, Emmerson (1990)*, Emmerson (1994)*, Engel (1973)*, Engel et al. (1971)*, Enright (1965)*, Epifanio (1988)*, Epifanio (1988)*, Epifanio et al. (1988)*, Epifanio et al. (2013)*, Eshky (1992)*, Estampador (1937)*, Estampador (1959)*, Evans et al. (1976)*, Everest (1978)*, Everest & Davis (1979)*, Fabricius (1775)*, Fang et al. (2013)*, Farhadi et al. (2020)*, Farron et al. (2020)*, Faxon (1895)*, Feest (1969)*, Felder et al. (2009)*, Felder et al. (1985)*, Felgenhauer & Abele (1983)*, Félix-Pico et al. (2003)*, Fell et al. (2003)*, Fell & Williams (1985)*, Fernandes et al. (2020)*, Ferraris & Norenburg (1997)*, Fielder et al. (1971)*, Fielder et al. (1971)*, Fingerman (1955)*, Fingerman (1956)*, Fingerman (1956)*, Fingerman (1957)*, Fingerman (1957)*, Fingerman (1959)*, Fingerman (1960)*, Fingerman (1965)*, Fingerman (1966)*, Fingerman (1970)*, Fingerman (1970)*, Fingerman (1973)*, Fingerman (1974)*, Fingerman (1988)*, Fingerman (1988)*, Fingerman & Bartell (1969)*, Fingerman & Bartell (1973)*, Fingerman et al. (1971)*, Fingerman & Couch (1967)*, Fingerman et al. (1966)*, Fingerman et al. (1966)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1972)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1974)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1975)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1977)*, Fingerman et al. (1974)*, Fingerman & Fitzpatrick (1956)*, Fingerman et al. (1981)*, Fingerman et al. (1981)*, Fingerman et al. (1981)*, Fingerman et al. (1985)*, Fingerman et al. (1998)*, Fingerman et al. (1974)*, Fingerman et al. (1994)*, Fingerman et al. (1958)*, Fingerman et al. (1963)*, Fingerman et al. (1964)*, Fingerman & Rao (1969)*, Fingerman & Rao (1969)*, Fingerman & Rao (1970)*, Fingerman et al. (1967)*, Fingerman et al. (1969)*, Fingerman & Rosenberg (1988)*, Fingerman et al. (1978)*, Fingerman & Yamamoto (1964)*, Fingerman & Yamamoto (1967)*, Fingerman (1985)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1976)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1977)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1977)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1978)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1979)*, Fingerman & Fingerman (1980)*, Fingerman et al. (1979)*, Fish (1925)*, Fisher (1960)*, Fisk (1941)*, Fitz & Wiegert (1991)*, Fleeger (1980)*, Fleming et al. (1976)*, Flores et al. (2013)*, Florkin (1960)*, Florkin (1960)*, Ford & Feuerhelm (2020)*, Formanowicz & Brodie (1988)*, Forward (1977)*, Forward & Cronin (1979)*, Forward et al. (2003)*, Fotheringham & Brunenmeister (1975)*, Fowler (1911)*, Fowler (1912)*, Frankenberg & Burbanck (1963)*, Fransen et al. (1997)*, Frey et al. (1973)*, Frey & Mayou (1970)*, Frith & Brunenmeister (1980)*, Gäde (1979)*, Gamble & Lovell (2011)*, Garcia (2001)*, García-Madrigal et al. (2022)*, Gardner (1990)*, Gardner et al. (1987)*, Gardner et al. (1992)*, Gardner et al. (1988)*, Garth (1948)*, Garth (1957)*, Garth (1960)*, Garth & Abbott (1980)*, George et al. (1957)*, Geraert (2013)*, Gerstaecker & Ortmann (1901)*, Ghidalia (1985)*, Gibbes (1850)*, Gibbs (1974)*, Gibbs & Bryan (1972)*, Giblin et al. (1980)*, Giblin et al. (1983)*, Giblock & Crain (2013)*, Gilles & Péqueux (1983)*, Girish et al. (2015)*, Girish et al. (2017)*, Gismondi (2018)*, Gmitter & Wotton (1953)*, Gong et al. (2022)*, Gong et al. (2015)*, Gong et al. (2015)*, González (2024)*, Gordillo et al. (2014)*, Goshima & Murai (1988)*, Gould (1841)*, Govind & Atwood (1982)*, Grahame (1983)*, Grant & Eisen (1980)*, Grant et al. (1981)*, Grant et al. (1980)*, Grant et al. (1983)*, Grant (1992)*, Gray (1942)*, Gray (1957)*, Grebel & Weis (1990)*, Green (1980)*, Green (1964)*, Green (1967)*, Green (1969)*, Green (1970)*, Green & Neff (1969)*, Green & Neff (1972)*, Green et al. (1959)*, Greenaway (1988)*, Greenspan (1975)*, Greenspan (1980)*, Grimes (1976)*, Grissell (1981)*, Gross (1955)*, Gross (1957)*, Gross (1961)*, Gross (1964)*, Grunbaum (2014)*, Guchardi & Govind (1990)*, Guillén-Hernández et al. (2008)*, Guillen-Hernández et al. (2013)*, Guimond et al. (2020)*, Guinot-Dumortier & Dumortier (1960)*, Gulmann & Mullineaux (2001)*, Günther (1963)*, Gurney (1960)*, Guyselman (1950)*, Guyselman (1953)*, Hackney & de la Cruz (1981)*, Haefner (1985)*, Hagen & Zou (2017)*, Hailman (1977)*, Haines (1976)*, Haines (1976)*, Haines & Montague (1979)*, Hammerstein (1981)*, Haney & Pope (2007)*, Hannan & Evans (1973)*, Hanson & Lagadic (2005)*, Hanson et al. (2002)*, Hanström (1935)*, Hanumante et al. (1984)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1981)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1981)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1982)*, Hanumante & Fingerman (1983)*, Hanumante et al. (1981)*, Harkema & Miller (1962)*, Harrington & Bidlingmayer (1958)*, Harris et al. (1998)*, Hartnoll (1969)*, Hartnoll (1982)*, Hartnoll (1985)*, Hartnoll (1988)*, Hartnoll (1988)*, Hartnoll (1988)*, Hawes & Perry (1978)*, Hay & Shore (1915-1916)*, Hazlett (1972)*, Headstrom (1979)*, Heard (1970)*, Heard (1975)*, Heard (1976)*, Heard (1977)*, Heard (1982)*, Heard (1982)*, Heard & Kinsella (1995)*, Heard & Overstreet (1983)*, Hedgecock et al. (1982)*, Hedgpeth (1950)*, Hedgpeth (1953)*, Hediger (1934)*, Hegarty & Kight (2014)*, Heilprin (1888)*, Heit (1974)*, Heit & Fingerman (1975)*, Hendrickx (1979)*, Hendrickx (1984)*, Hendrickx (1993)*, Hendrickx (1995)*, Hendrickx (2005)*, Hendrickx & Salgado-Barragán (1992)*, Herbst (1782)*, Herklots (1861)*, Herman & Dallmann (1975)*, Hernández Aguilera et al. (1996)*, Hernández Roa et al. (2009)*, Herreid (1969)*, Herreid (1969)*, Herreid & Full (1988)*, Herrick (1887)*, Herrnkind (1966)*, Herrnkind (1968)*, Herrnkind (1968)*, Herrnkind (1968)*, Herrnkind (1972)*, Herrnkind (1983)*, Hilgendorf (1869)*, Hines (1982)*, Hines (1953)*, Hines (1954)*, Hinton (1969)*, Hippensteel & Martin (2001)*, Hoadley (1937)*, Hockett & Kritzler (1972)*, Hoffert et al. (1975)*, Holliman (1978)*, Holmes (1900)*, Holmes (1904)*, Holmes (1908)*, Holthuis (1954)*, Holthuis (1956)*, Holthuis (1959)*, Holthuis (1967)*, Holthuis (1979)*, Honegger (1973)*, Honegger (1973)*, Honegger (1976)*, Hopkins (1983)*, Hopkins (1985)*, Hopkins (1985)*, Horch & Salmon (1969)*, Horch et al. (1980)*, Horch et al. (2002)*, Horlick & Subrahmanyam (1983)*, Hotard & Zou (2013)*, Hotard & Zou (2008)*, Houser & Epifanio (2009)*, Howell (1932)*, Hsiang & Premuzic (1975)*, Hubbard & Dugan (1989)*, Hugie (2004)*, Hunter & Feller (1987)*, Hunter (1952)*, Hunter & Vernberg (1953)*, Hutton (1964)*, Huxley (1924)*, Huxley (1924)*, Huxley (1927)*, Huxley (1932)*, Huxley & Callow (1933)*, Hwang & Oswald (1982)*, Hyatt (1973)*, Hyatt (1974)*, Hyatt (1975)*, Hyatt (1977)*, Hyatt (1977)*, Hyatt & Salmon (1978)*, Hyatt & Salmon (1979)*, Hyatt et al. (1979)*, Hyman (1920)*, Hyman (1920)*, Hyun et al. (2003)*, Hyun et al. (2007)*, ICZN (1959)*, Idaszkin et al. (2013)*, Ives (1891)*, Iwaniec et al. (2021)*, Jacob (1988)*, Jansen (1970)*, Jaroensutasinee & Jaroensutasinee (2003)*, Jaroensutasinee & Jaroensutasinee (2004)*, Jaroensutasinee & Tantichodok (2002)*, Jennings & Rainbow (1979)*, João & Pinheiro (2019)*, Johnson (1974)*, Johnson (1985)*, Johnson (2014)*, Johnson & Snook (1927)*, Johnson et al. (1990)*, Johnston & Bildstein (1986)*, Johnston & Bildstein (1990)*, Johnston et al. (1984)*, Jones (1980)*, Jones (1968)*, Jones (1941)*, Jones & Epifanio (1995)*, Jones & Epifanio (2005)*, Jones et al. (2011)*, Josefsson (1983)*, Juarrero de Varona & Ortiz (2003)*, Kaiser & Lehmann (1975)*, Karthikeyan P. (1995)*, Katz (1980)*, Kawamura et al. (2020)*, Keeratipattarakarn et al. (2020)*, Keller (1977)*, Keller & Andrew (1973)*, Kellogg (1929)*, Kerstitch (1989)*, Kerwin (1971)*, Kight & George (2018)*, Kingsley (1878)*, Kingsley (1879)*, Kingsley (1880)*, Kingsley (1880)*, Kinne (1963)*, Kinsella (1974)*, Kinsella (1988)*, Klaas & Belisle (1977)*, Klaassen & Ens (1993)*, Klein & Lincer (1974)*, Kleinholz (1936)*, Kleinholz (1942)*, Kleinholz (1961)*, Kleinholz (1970)*, Kleinholz (1985)*, Kleinholz & Bourquin (1941)*, Kleinholz & Bourquin (1941)*, Kleinholz & Kimball (1965)*, Kneib et al. (1980)*, Knopf (1966)*, Ko & Kim (1989)*, Kochey (2013)*, Koretsky et al. (2002)*, Koretsky et al. (2002)*, Korte (1966)*, Kraeuter (1976)*, Kraeuter & Haven (1970)*, Kraeuter & Wolf (1974)*, Kraus (1982)*, Krebs (1976)*, Krebs & Burns (1977)*, Krebs & Valiela (1978)*, Krebs et al. (1974)*, Krishnakumaran & Schneiderman (1970)*, Krishnan (1990)*, Krishnan (1990)*, Krishnan (1992)*, Kuhapong et al. (2021)*, Kulkarni & Fingerman (1986)*, Kulkarni & Fingerman (1986)*, Kulkarni & Fingerman (1987)*, Kulkarni & Fingerman (1991)*, Kulkarni & Fingerman (1992)*, Kulkarni & Milton (1986)*, Künckel d'Herculaïs (1890)*, Kunze (1963)*, Kurata (1970)*, Kushan (1979)*, Lacerda (1976)*, Lacerda & McNamara (1983)*, Lamarck (1838)*, Lambert & Crowe (1973)*, Lambert & Crowe (1976)*, Lambert & Fingerman (1976)*, Lambert & Fingerman (1978)*, Lambert & Epifanio (1982)*, Lanchester (1900)*, Land & Layne (1994)*, Landsperger et al. (1981)*, Landstorfer & Schubart (2010)*, Lane & Dodge (1958)*, Lane & Darnell (2020)*, Langdon (1971)*, Latreille (1802-1803)*, Latreille (1817)*, Latreille (1820)*, Lawson (1709)*, Lawson (1714)*, Lawson (1860)*, Lawson (1903)*, Lawson (1937)*, Laxmyr (1984)*, Layne et al. (1997)*, Lazarus-Agudelo & Cantera-Kintz (2007)*, Le Conte (1855)*, Lecroisey et al. (1987)*, Lecroisey & Keil (1985)*, Lecroy & Wagner-Merner (1976)*, Lee et al. (1995)*, Lee & Weis (1980)*, Lee et al. (1982)*, Lee et al. (1981)*, Lee et al. (1981)*, Lehmann (1976)*, Lehmann et al. (1974)*, Leidy (1855)*, Leidy (1888)*, Leija-Tristán et al. (1990)*, Lemaitre & Alvarez León (1992)*, Lesser et al. (1976)*, Lesueur et al. (2013)*, Levinton & Judge (1993)*, Levinton et al. (1995)*, Levinton et al. (1996)*, Li et al. (2014)*, Liñán-Cabello et al. (2002)*, Linnaeus (1758)*, Linnaeus (1763)*, Linnaeus (1766)*, Lira et al. (2006)*, Little & Epifanio (1991)*, Liu & Laufer (1996)*, Lochhead (1961)*, Lockington (1877)*, Lockwood (1962)*, Lockwood (1967)*, López-Duarte & Tankersley (2009)*, Lotz et al. (1995)*, Low & Ng (2012)*, Lucu (1990)*, Luederwaldt (1919)*, Luo et al. (2015)*, Luo et al. (2020)*, Maccagno (1928)*, Mace & McGraw (1985)*, Mace & Curran (2011)*, Macintosh (1978)*, Macnae (1968)*, Malzone et al. (1966)*, Mangum (1973)*, Mantel & Farmer (1983)*, Mantel & Levin (1973)*, Mantel & Olson (1976)*, Manwell & Baker (1963)*, Marganian & Wall (1972)*, Mariappan et al. (2000)*, Maris (1984)*, Maris & McConaugha (1983)*, Markham (2002)*, Marples (1966)*, Martin & Rindsberg (2008)*, Martin & Rindsberg (2010)*, Martínez (2004)*, Martins et al. (1959)*, Mason & Zengel (1996)*, Mattson & Spaziani (1985)*, Mattson (1988)*, Maurer et al. (1978)*, Mayer (1905)*, McCarty et al. (1985)*, McConnell & Shelby (1970)*, McDermott & Pope (2010)*, McEnerney & Davis (1979)*, McFadden & Thurman (2003)*, McKenney et al. (1996)*, McMahon & Burggren (1988)*, McNamara (1981)*, McNamara & Moreira (1983)*, McNease & Joanen (1977)*, Meanley & Wetherbee (1962)*, Megušar (1908)*, Megušar (1912)*, Meiss & Norman (1977)*, Menzies & George (1972)*, Meyerriecks (1965)*, Michaels & Zieman (2013)*, Miers (1886)*, Miller (1961)*, Miller (1969)*, Miller (1973)*, Miller & Vernberg (1967)*, Miller & Vernberg (1968)*, Miller & Maurer (1973)*, Miller et al. (2013)*, Milne Edwards (1837)*, Milne Edwards (1837)*, Milne Edwards (1852)*, Milne Edwards (1854)*, Milne-Edwards & Bouvier (1923)*, Minello et al. (1994)*, Mittenthal (1985)*, Mohrherr (1987)*, Mokhlesi et al. (2011)*, Montague (1980)*, Moomaw et al. (2018)*, Moore (1991)*, Moore et al. (1968)*, Morgan & McAfee (1993)*, Morgan (1904)*, Morgan (1920)*, Morgan (1921)*, Morgan (1923)*, Morgan (1923)*, Morgan (1924)*, Moscoso (2012)*, Moscoso (2013)*, Mraz et al. (2005)*, Mulstay (1987)*, Muraoka (1976)*, Myrberg (1972)*, Naderloo et al. (2010)*, Nagabhushanam (1964)*, Nagabhushanam et al. (1979)*, Nagabhushanam & Rao (1967)*, Nagaraju & Reddy (2002)*, Naiditch et al. (2001)*, Nakasone (1982)*, Nalbach et al. (1989)*, Nässel et al. (1993)*, Nässel et al. (1991)*, Naylor (1988)*, Neck (1987)*, Nelson & Hedgecock (1980)*, Neuffer et al. (2001)*, Ng et al. (2008)*, Nicou (1959)*, Nicou (1960)*, Nieto & McClary (2002)*, Nimmo et al. (1971)*, Nixon & Oviatt (1973)*, Nobili (1897)*, Nobili (1899)*, Nobili (1899)*, Nobili (1901)*, Nobili (1906)*, Nobili (1906)*, Novak & Salmon (1974)*, Nunnemacher (1966)*, O'Brien (1999)*, Ochs et al. (2020)*, O'Connor (1987)*, O'Connor (1989)*, O'Connor & Epifanio (1985)*, O'Connor & Judge (2010)*, Ocorr & Berlind (1983)*, Odhano et al. (2015)*, Odhano et al. (2022)*, Odum (1957)*, Odum et al. (1969)*, O'Hara (1973)*, O'Hara (1973)*, Ohno et al. (2006)*, Oliveira (1939)*, Oliveira (1939)*, Oliveira & Custódio (1998)*, Olivier (1811)*, Olivier (1811)*, Olsvik et al. (2019)*, Oney (1954)*, Ono (1965)*, Orr (1955)*, Ortega et al. (2022)*, Ortmann (1894)*, Ortmann (1897)*, Otani et al. (2023)*, Overstreet (1983)*, Overstreet & Heard (1978)*, Packard (1881)*, Packard (2012)*, Palmer (1962)*, Palmer (1963)*, Palmer (1964)*, Palmer (1973)*, Pamatmat (1978)*, Pardi & Papi (1961)*, Passano (1953)*, Passano (1960)*, Paula (1989)*, Paula et al. 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Entries marked with * are inferred from subareas.